ፍልስጤም

ካብ ባሕሪ ሜዲተራንያን ብደቡባዊ ምብራቕ ክሳብ ጎልጎል ዮርዳኖስ ዝርከብ ጂኦግራፍያዊ ከባቢ ኮይኑ፡ ኣብ ገለ ትርጉማት ድማ ካብ ሩባ ዮርዳኖስ ንምብራቕ ዝርከቡ ከባቢታት ዘጠቓልል ኮይኑ፡ ኣብ ምዕራብ ኤስያ ዝርከብን ብኣቀማምጣኡን ሓውሲ ደሴት ሲናይን ምስ ሰሜን ኣፍሪቃ ዝራኸብን እዩ። ኣብቲ ምስ ግብጺ ዝተኣሳሰር ደቡባዊ ምዕራባዊ ክፋል ሌቫንት ዝፈጥር ክልቲአን ኣህጉራት ዝራኸበሉ ቦታ፤ ኣብ ታሪኽ ሃይማኖታት ካብ ዝነበሮ ማእከልነት ሓሊፉ መሳገሪን መጋጠሚ ባህልታትን ንግድን ፖለቲካን እዩ ነይሩ፣ ስለዚ ድማ ብዙሓት ከተማታታ ታሪኻዊ ወይ ሃይማኖታዊ ኣገዳስነት ኣለወን፣ ብፍላይ ድማ ኢየሩሳሌም^[1]።

ሎሚ ዶባት ናይቲ ታሪኻዊ ዞባ ኣብ ሓያሎ ዝተደራረቡ ፖለቲካዊ ኣካላት ዝተመርኮሰ ኮይኑ፡ ሃገረ እስራኤል (ኣብ ኲናት 1948 ድሕሪ ምምዝባል ኣማኢት ኣሽሓት ፍልስጤማውያን ካብ ዓዶም ዝተመስረተት)፡ ምዕራባዊ ገማግም ባሕርን ምድረበዳ ጋዛን፡ which Israel occupied in the 1967 war.እተን ዝተጎበጣ ግዝኣታት ብዘይካ’ቲ ምሉእ ብምሉእ ምድረበዳ ጋዛ ንሃገራዊ ፍልስጤም ምግዛእ፡ ካብ 1994 ጀሚሩ ኣብ ስምምዓት ኦስሎ ዝተመርኮሰ ሲቪላዊ ጉዳያት ህዝቢ ዘመሓድር ፍልስጤማዊ ርእሰ-ምምሕዳር በዓል መዚ ይመሓደራ ስልጣን ካብ እትወጽእ እስራኤል ካብ ምድረበዳ ጋዛ ኣብ 2005. ኣብ 2007 ምምቕቓል ፖለቲካዊ ስልጣን ኣብ ርእሰ-ምምሕዳር ከባቢታት ኣብ ምድረበዳ ጋዛ ስልጣን ፈጢሩ ካልእ ድማ ኣብ ከተማታት ምዕራባዊ ገማግም ስልጣን ፈጢሩ። ኣብ ውሽጢ እዞም ዶባት ዘሎ ብዝሒ ህዝቢ ኣስታት 11,900,000 ሰባት ይግመት፣ ምኽንያቱ ኣብዚ እዋን’ዚ ዓቢ ክፋል ህዝቢ ታሪኻዊት ፍልስጤም ተዛረብቲ ዓረብኛ (ኣስላምን ክርስትያንን) ክኾኑ ከለዉ፣ እቲ ካልእ ክፋል ህዝባ ድማ ተዛረብቲ እብራይስጢ፣ ሰዓብቲ ሃይማኖት ኣይሁድ፣ ስደተኛታት እዮም። ከምኡ’ውን ደቂ ካልኦት ህዝብታት፣ ብሚእታዊቶም ድማ ሎሚ 49% ክኸውን ከሎ፣ ዓረብ ድማ 46% ይኸውን።

ድሕሪ ቀዳማይ ኲናት ዓለምን ሳዕቤናቱን ካብ ውድቀት ግዝኣት ኦቶማን፡ ንፍልስጤምን ትራንስን ሓዊሱ ንኹላ ሌቫንት ዝቆጻጸር ዝነበረ፡ ውዕል ሰቭረስ፡ ዋዕላ ሳን ረሞ፡ ከምኡ’ውን ስምምዕ ሳይክስ-ፒኮ፡ ዶባት እንግሊዝ ማንዳት ኣብ ፍልስጤም ዝተሳእለ ኮይኑ፡ ዶባት ብነዊሕ ካብ ሰሜን ናብ ደቡብ ብኣስታት ኣርባዕተ ዲግሪ ስፍሓት ይዝርጋሕ።ኣብ መንጎ ላቲቱድ 29.30ን 33.15ን ሰሜንን ሎንጊቱድ 34.15ን 35.40ን ንምብራቕን ዝዝርጋሕ ኮይኑ፡ ስፍሓት 26.990 ኪ.ሜ2 ዘለዎ ኮይኑ፡ ቀላይ ኪነሬትን... ፍርቂ ምዉት ባሕሪ። ብምዕራብ ብባሕሪ ማእከላይ ባሕሪ ዝዳወብ ኮይኑ 224 ኪ.ሜ ዝንውሓቱ ገማግም ባሕሪ፣ ብምብራቕ ብሶርያን ዮርዳኖስን፣ ብሰሜን ምስ ሊባኖስ፣ ብደቡብ ድማ ብግብጽን ወሽመጥ ዓቃባን ይዳወብ።

ፍልስጤም ቅርጻ ርብዒ ኩርናዕ ኮይኑ፡ ካብ ሰሜን ክሳብ ደቡብ ንውሓታ 430 ኪ.ሜ፡ ስፍሓታ ድማ ብሰሜን ካብ 51-70 ኪ.ሜ፡ ኣብ ማእከል ድማ ኣብ ኢየሩሳሌም ካብ 72-95 ኪ.ሜ ኣብ ራፋሕን ካን ዩኒስን ክሳብ ምዉት ባሕሪ 117 ኪ.ሜ. እቲ ዞባ ኣዝዩ ዝተፈላለየ መሬት ዘለዎ ኮይኑ፡ ብጂኦግራፊያዊ ኣቀማምጣ ድማ ኣብ ኣርባዕተ ዞባታት ዝተኸፋፈለ ኮይኑ፡ ካብ ምዕራብ ክሳብ ምብራቕ ካብ ገማግም ባሕሪ ቆላ፡ ጎቦታት፡ ኣኽራናት (ኣኽራን ገሊላ፡ ኣኽራናት ናብሉስ፡ ኣኽራናት የሩሳሌምን ኣኽራናት ኬብሮንን) ከምኡ’ውን ጎልጎል ዮርዳኖስ (ዮርዳኖስ እዩ። ሽንጥሮ). ኣብ ርሑቕ ደቡብ በረኻ ነገቭ ይርከብ። ኣብ መንጎ ኣኽራናት ናብሉስን ኣኽራናት ገሊላን ማርጅ ኢብን ዓመር ይርከብ።ካብ ኣኽራናት ናብሉስ ንሰሜናዊ ምዕራብ ዝዝርጋሕ እምባ ቀርሜሎስ ነቲ ኣብ ገማግም ባሕሪ ዝርከብ ቆላ ይሰግር። ቁመት ካብ 417 ሜትሮ ትሕቲ ጽፍሒ ባሕሪ ኣብ ምዉት ባሕሪ (ኣብ ዓለም እቲ ዝወሓደ ነጥቢ ኣብ መሬት) ክሳብ 1204 ሜትሮ ልዕሊ ጽፍሒ ባሕሪ ኣብ ጫፍ ጀበል ኣልጀርማቅ (እምባ ሜሮን ከምቲ ኣብ እስራኤል ዝጽዋዕ) ይርከብ።

ብፖለቲካዊ መዳይ ፍልስጤም ኣብ ዓለም ካብ ዘለዋ ወጥሪ ዘለወን ዞባታት ጸጥታ ኮይና ብሰንኪ እቲ ብዙሓት ኣህጉራውያን ትካላት ተጣበቕቲ ሰብኣዊ መሰላት እስራኤል ኣብ ልዕሊ ሰላማውያን ፍልስጤማውያን ዝፍጸም ዘሎ ግህሰት ገይሮም ዝቖጽርዎ፡ ኣብ ርእሲ’ቲ ነቲ ኩነታት ዘጋድድ ስርሒታት ሰፈራ፡ ብዘይካ’ቲ ዓሌታዊ ኣተሓሕዛ፡ ከምዚ ዝኣመሰለ ከምቲ ብዙሓት ዓሌታዊ ዝቖጽርዎ ኣብ ምዕራባዊ ገማግም ባሕሪ ዝሃነጾ ናይ ምፍልላይ መንደቕ እስራኤል፡ እዚ ኩሉ ነገራት ሕማቕ ናይ ጸጥታ ሃዋህው ፈጢሩ። ሃገራዊ በዓል መዚ ፍልስጤም ኣብ 1993 ካብ ዝምስረት ኣትሒዙ፡ ፍልስጤም ዝብል ስም ኣብ ገለ ጽሑፋት ብዓለምለኻዊ ደረጃ ተጠቒሙ፡ ሓደ ሓደ ግዜ ኣብ ትሕቲ ምሕደራ በዓል መዚ ፍልስጤም ንዝርከቡ ግዝኣታት ንምምልካት ይጥቀመሉ ነይሩ። እንተ እቲ ፍልስጤማዊ መዓርግ ግን ሎሚ ብፍላይ ድማ ካብ 1948 ጀሚሩ ኣብ መላእ እቲ ዞባ ንዝርከብ ህዝቢ ዓረብ (ህዝቢ ኣይሁድ ነዚ መዓርግ ንገዛእ ርእሶም ብምጥቃስ ከይጥቀሙሉ ክመርጹ እንከለዉ) የመልክት።

እቲ ዕለት ኣመዓራርይ

ፍልስጤም ኣብ መንጎ ግብጺ፣ ሊባኖስ፣ ሶርያን ዮርዳኖስን ኣብ ስትራተጂካዊ ቦታ ትርከብ።ዓዲ መልእኽትታትን መደቀሲ ስልጣነታት ደቂ ሰባትን እያ።ዕስራን ሓደን ስልጣነታት ካብ ሻሙናይ ሽሕ ዓመት ቅድሚ ልደተ ክርስቶስ ብዕድመ ዝነውሐት ከተማኣ ኢያሪኮ ሓሊፎም። ዕሸል ሃይማኖታት ኣይሁድን ክርስትናን ኮይኑ፡ እዛ መሬት እዚኣ ኣብ ባህሊ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ንግድን ፖለቲካን ዝተሰረተ ነዊሕ ታሪኽ ኣለዋ። ኣብ ፍልስጤም ታሪኻዊ መርትዖታት ብዛዕባ ነዊሕን ዝተሓዋወሰን ታሪኽ እዛ መሬት ካብ ቅድመ ታሪኽ ጀሚሩ ይዛረብ። ነዛ ምድሪ እዚኣ ዝሰፈሩ ብዕድመ ዝደፍኡ ፍሉጣት ሰባት ከነኣናውያን እዮም። እቲ ዞባ ብብዙሓት ዝተፈላለዩ ህዝብታት ዝቆጻጸር ዝነበረ ኮይኑ፡ ጥንታውያን ግብጻውያን፡ ፍልስጥኤማውያን፡ እስራኤላውያን፡ ኣሶራውያን፡ ባቢሎናውያን፡ ፋርሳውያን፡ ግሪኻውያን፡ ሮማውያን፡ ቢዛንታይን፡ ዓረብ ካሊፋት፡ መስቀላውያን፡ ኣዩቢድ፡ ማምሉክ፡ ኦቶማን፡ እንግሊዝ ኣብ መወዳእታ ድማ እስራኤል ድሕሪ 1948 ናክባ^[2]።

ጂኦግራፊ ኣመዓራርይ

ፍልስጤም ኣብ ምዕራብ ኣህጉር ኤስያ ኣብ መንጎ ሎንጊቱድ 15-34ን 40-35ን ምብራቕ፡ ላቲቱድ 30-29ን 15-33ን ሰሜን ድማ ትርከብ። ደቡባዊ ምዕራብ ክፋል ናይ ሓደ ዓቢ ጂኦግራፍያዊ ኣሃዱ ኣብ ምብራቕ ዓረብ ዝቖመ ኮይኑ፡ ንሱ ድማ ሌቫንት ኮይኑ፡ እዚ ድማ - ብዘይካ ፍልስጤም - ሊባኖስ፡ ሶርያን ዮርዳኖስን ዘጠቓልል ኮይኑ፡ ድሕሪኡ ዶባታ ምስተን ሃገራት ተኻፊሉ፡ ኣብ ርእሲ እቲ ምስ ዘለዋ ዶባት ግብጺ።

ከምኡ’ውን ፍልስጤም፡ ኣብ መንጎ ሃገራት ዓረብ ብዘለዋ ማእከላይ ኣቀማምጣ፡ ኣብ መንጎ ክልተ ኣኽናፋ ነቲ ኣብ ደቡብ ዘሎ መበቆላዊ ባህርያት በደዊን፡ ከምኡ’ውን ነቲ ጥንታዊ ቅዲ ሰፈራ ዘጠቓለለ ሰፊሕ ሜዳ መሬት፡ ምትሕውዋስ ባእታታት ተፈጥሮኣውን ሰብኣውን ጂኦግራፊ ትፈጥር ኣብ ሰሜን ዝርከብ። መሬት ፍልስጤም ዝፍለየሉ ምኽንያት፡ ኣካል ናይቲ መበቆላዊ ዓዲ ናይቲ ቀዳማይ ወዲ ሰብ፡ ትውልዲ ናይ ሓደ ኣምላኽ ዝኣምኑ ሃይማኖታት፡ ቦታ ምቕልቃል ጥንታውያን ስልጣነታት፡ መሳገሪ ንግዳዊ ምንቅስቓሳትን ወተሃደራዊ ወራራትን ኣብ ምሉእ ዝተፈላለየ ታሪኻዊ ምንባሩ እዩ። ዘመናት። ምስ ዓለም ብምትእስሳር ማእከላይ ኣቀማምጣኣ ኣብ መንጎ ኣህጉራት ጥንታዊት ዓለም፡ ኤስያ፡ ኣፍሪቃን ኤውሮጳን ዘራኽብ ረቛሒ ክትከውን ኣኽኢልዋ።ኩሉ ክሰፍር ዝደሊ። እዚ መርበብ ሓበሬታ እዚ ንምቁጽጻርን ብልጫታቱ ንምጥቃምን ትኹረት ናይቶም ተሃንጠይቲ እዩ ነይሩ።

መወከሲታት ኣመዓራርይ

↑ Crouch, C. L. (1 October 2014). Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-026-3. Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.
↑ https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1896-0409-51

[1] Crouch, C. L. (1 October 2014). Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-026-3. Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.

[2] ttps://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1896-0409-51

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